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Nelson EducationSchoolChemistry 12 College Prep | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web LinksUNIT 2: QUANTITIES IN CHEMISTRY
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(a) Scientists claim to have produced images of individual atoms using the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). Research more about the STM. View some images taken with an STM and evaluate the claim. (b) If the claim is correct, will the STM be able to replace our present need to calculate quantities in chemistry? Explain.
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope-What it is and how it works This page describes the scanning tunneling microscope and the technique involved in image formation. The explanation of how this microscope works is accompanied by illustrations and an animated sequence.
This IBM site contains a scanning tunneling microscope image gallery with six exhibition rooms to visit. Each image is accompanied by a short description of the artist and the scan.
p. 122 (k) Gemologists use analytical skills to distinguish between different gems, and weigh and appraise gems. Gemologists rely on the analysis of percentage composition to determine the value of a particular gem. They may work as designers, salespeople, or appraisers. They may also work with mining companies, analyzing the gems extracted from the ground. Research the educational requirements to become a gemologist, as well as some of the instruments that gemologists use when working with gems. Gemological Institute of America Learn about Gemological Institute of America's diploma program in gemology and how you can earn the diploma through distance education and extension.
International Society of Appraisers The International Society of Appraisers provides education, training, and organizational support to their members. This page by the International Gem Society provides the list of instruments used by gemologists. Cost and utility of these instruments are also provided.
p. 137 7. Toxicity of substances for animals is usually expressed by a quality called LD 50 . Research the use of this quantity. What does LD 50 mean? What is the LD 50 , in ppm, of a substance considered to be "highly toxic" and a substance considered to be "slightly toxic" for mice on the Hodge and Sterner scale? Assume that the substance is taken by mouth.
This page defines LD 50 and how it is used to quantify and compare toxicity of chemicals. It also describes the units mg/kg and ppm, and provides a table with LD 50 values for some insecticides. Canada's National Occupational Health & Safety Resource This page answers some important questions about different toxicity dose terms, including LD 50 and LC 50 . It explains the importance of the LD 50 test and how it is performed.
8. Why is it important for nurses, doctors, and pharmacists to establish common systems for communicating the concentration of solutions? Conduct research to find out what systems they use. Create a wall chart that can be used to inform medical workers of the various units that are used for each system. This page describes how liquid and topical preparation strengths are expressed. Weight/volume, weight/weight, and volume/volume conventions are described, and examples of pharmaceutical dosages are given for each convention. This page defines solute, solvent, solution, and concentration of a chemical substance. It describes the many ways in which to express concentrations and the common concentration units used by medical and health professionals.
p. 139 Chemical laboratory technicians use instruments, such as the spectrophotometer, to conduct a variety of analytical procedures in government and private laboratories. Many technicians are employed in petroleum, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. Research answers to the following questions about chemical laboratory technicians: • List the educational requirements for admission to a chemical technician program at a community college in your area. • What is the job outlook for chemical technicians in Ontario over the next five years? • Prepare a two-page pamphlet to inform secondary school students of the academic and personal qualities they should have if they are interested in becoming chemical technicians. Chemical Laboratory Technician (CLT) A page is from the Seneca College 2003-2004 program calendar, including program description, list of courses, and contact information for those interested in more information. Applied Chemical Technologists and Technicians This page describes the main duties, required education and training, employment prospects, and expected income for chemical technologists and technicians.
Tech Connectp. 139 3. (a) Why can a spectrophotometer
measure the concentrations (b) Why are the cuvettes
that are used in a This page answers some frequently asked questions about the colour spectrum, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, how a calorimeter works, and the available types of colour measurement devices. This page explains how a spectrophotometer works, and why it is important for the sample solution to be coloured and the cuvettes to be colourless. It also explains how the spectrophotometer can be used to quantify various biological compounds and processes.
4. Research answers to the following questions about the use of spectrophotometers in forensics laboratories: a) What types of investigations are conducted in forensics labs? b) Why do some forensic laboratories use infrared spectrophotometers? c) What types of evidence can spectrophotometers provide in the field of forensics? This article describes the types of investigations conducted in forensics labs, and how the results are used to solve cases. It also lists the services provided by the crime lab, and the instruments that are used in evidence analysis. Forensics-The Science of Crime This page describes the various features of forensic science and the process of solving a crime, from the collection of evidence from the scene of the incident to its analysis in the laboratory. It also lists and explains the forensic application of such tools as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectrophotometry.
Section 2.8 Take a Standp. 143 Disciplining AthletesStatement: Competitive athletes should be disciplined based on the results of blood and urine tests for banned substances. In your group, research the issue. Search for information in newspapers, periodicals, and CD-ROMs, and on the Internet. This CBC News article provides an update on the issue of drug testing in sports. In Canada, the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport regulates doping control and programs to educate athletes about staying drug-free. It also describes the types of testing available and the accuracy of these tests.
EPO Testing Makes Olympic Debut with IMMULITE Assay This page describes characteristics of natural and synthetic erythropoietin (EPO), and provides information on how the International Olympic Committee uses EPO tests to determine if athletes have higher than normal levels of EPO in their bodies.
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When you consume a beverage or candy that was artificially coloured with red food dye, you may be ingesting a chemical that was produced by a tiny red insect from Peru. Several synthetic red dyes have been found to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing), but a vivid red dye called carmine has been approved for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Carmine is made from cochineal insects ( Figure 2 ). Two Canadian chemists developed the process that is used to extract the red dye from the insects. The process has been improved to increase the purity and the yield of the product. Research answers to the following questions, and summarize your findings in a one-page report. • What is the typical percentage yield of carmine in the extraction process? How is carmine extracted? • What effect has the industrial production of carmine had on the people of Peru? Carmine Dye Extraction Process and the Cochineal Insect This page describes how Peru's carmine dye industry is affecting this country's economy. Learn about how the carmine dye extraction process has been improved to increase purity and percentage yield. This article describes the process involved in harvesting the rich red of carmine from the cochineal insects, and the industry that has been flourishing in Peru.
p. 163 4. Ammonia can be oxidized to nitric acid, the raw material that is used to manufacture explosives. (a) Conduct library and/or Internet research to determine the most common types of explosives that are produced with nitric acid. (b) Draw structural formulas for the three most common nitrogen-based explosives. What are the specific uses of each explosive? (c) What is gun cotton? What are its uses? How is it made? Pyrotechnics: Background Information This page provides general background information about high explosives. A chemical equation for the decomposition of nitroglycerine is also provided.
This page provides an interesting graphic history of the development of explosives, as well as a brief summary of how explosives can be detected. This page describes the discovery of dynamite and the establishment of the Nobel Prize by Alfred Nobel.
7. The Haber process
requires nitrogen and hydrogen (a) Suggest reasonable sources for each of these elements. (b) Conduct library and/or Internet research to learn how modern ammonia production facilities obtain pure hydrogen and nitrogen for the Haber process. This page provides background into the history of the Haber process, the required raw materials, the required reaction condition, and the importance of nitric acid to the production of fertilizers.
This publication of the European Ammonia Manufacturer's Association provides in-depth background into the production, storage, and environmental concerns associated with the manufacture and handling of ammonia.
9. Terrestrial (land) plants require nitrogen for many cellular functions, including growth and reproduction. Approximately 78% of the air in the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen. To be used by growing plants and other organisms, elemental nitrogen, N 2(g) , must first be converted into another form (such as ammonia) in a natural process called nitrogen fixation. The Haber process is a synthetic form of nitrogen fixation. (a) How do bacteria fix nitrogen naturally? (b) Currently, which of the two processes, synthetic or natural, fixes the most nitrogen? (c) What problems have arisen from the dramatic increase in nitrogen fixation in the last century? Pick one of these problems, and suggest some remedies. This page describes the processes of nitrogen fixation, decay, nitrification, and denitrification. Also described is the influence of modern agriculture on the natural nitrogen cycle. Nutrient Overload: Unbalancing the Global Nitrogen Cycle This page provides an overview of the nitrogen cycle and how human activities, such as agricultural practices and energy production, have disrupted the natural nitrogen cycle. One of the repercussions of this global nitrogen overload are algal blooms. Problems with Nitrogen Pollution This site offers a good summary of the nitrogen cycle, how human activity has affected it, and the problems associated with nitrogen pollution. This document gives in-depth background on the efficient use of fertilizers. It covers the nitrogen cycle, soil chemistry, current practice in the use fertilizers, and the production of fertilizers.
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26. A Breathalyzer is a portable breath alcohol testing device that is used by police officers to determine a driver's blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Many drivers who are charged with drunk driving challenge the results of the Breathalyzer test in court. Conduct library and/or Internet research to answer the following questions about Breathalyzers and Breathalyzer testing: (a) Briefly explain how a Breathalyzer works. (b) What is the legal BAC limit for drivers in Ontario? (c) Distinguish
between a portable Breathalyzer and a (d) What reasons
do drivers use to challenge the results of Write a one-page paper, stating your position on the reliability of Breathalyzer tests
This page explains how Breathalyzers work, and the scientific principles and technology behind these breath alcohol testing devices. This page contains summaries of court cases where drivers have challenged results of breathalyzer tests. Also provided are links to information on alcohol impairment, alcohol limits for the driver, blood alcohol, as well as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Web site.
Approved Breath-Test Instruments This Web site is provided by a Canadian company, "Forensic Consulting," that provides services in toxicology and drug identification. It explains a few different systems that can be used to detect blood alcohol levels.
27. The Haber process requires hydrogen and nitrogen as reactants. (a) Suggest sources for each of these reactants. (b) Research how modern ammonia production
facilities This page provides background into the history of the Haber process, the required raw materials, the required reaction condition, and the importance of nitric acid to the production of fertilizers.
This publication of the European Ammonia Manufacturer's Association provides in-depth background into the production, storage, and environmental concerns associated with the manufacture and handling of ammonia.
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