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Nelson EducationSchoolPhysics 12 College Preparation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web LinksUNIT 2: ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONSClick on a section for related Web activities: Chapter 3: Energy and Energy Transformations 3.4 Gravitational Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy 3.7 Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Chapter 4: Power and Effiecency Unit 2 Performance Task
CHAPTER 3: ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
p. 134 Food Energy Although the joule is the SI unit of energy, we often still hear of the heat calorie, a former unit of heat, and the food calorie (unit Calorie), a former unit of food energy. (Notice that the food unit has a capital C.) These energy units are related in the following way:
Thus, a piece of apple pie rated at 390 Calories contains (390 Calories)(4.2 Í 10 3 J/Calorie) = 1.6 Í 10 6 J, or 1.6 MJ, of chemical potential energy. If this chemical potential energy is not changed to useful energy, the body stores it as fat. It would take a 60-kg student about 45 minutes of swimming or about 110 minutes of walking to use up 1.6 MJ of energy. Energy and Power: Units and Definitions These lecture notes describe the units and definitions of power and energy, specifically food energy. The conversion factors between units are also explained. This page answers the common question about the difference and relationship between the dietary calorie and the physical calorie.
p. 145 Smart Birds Apply Mechanical Energy Some animals take advantage of mechanical energy. One example is the bearded vulture (or lammergeyer), the largest of all vultures. This bird, found in South Africa, can digest bones. Often its food consists of bones picked clean by other animals. When a bone is too large to crack, the vulture carries it to a great height and drops it onto a rock, so that the bone shatters. Then the bird circles down to swoop up pieces of bone and marrow.
This site provides information about the history of the lammergeyer and a description of its physical attributes, diet, and mating habits.
p. 153 Graduates of a mechanical engineering technologist program from an Ontario community college design heavy equipment such as construction and agricultural machinery. If desired, they can then move into sales or technical writing. Humber College of Technology and Advanced Learning This Humber College site allows you to search for specific programs, such as mechanical engineering technology diploma and certificate programs; and lists admission and registration requirements. Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology This Seneca College site provides information for students, businesses, and the community; as well as information about Seneca programs and career searches. This Sheridan College site allows you to search for information on programs in mechanical engineering technology, other full time programs, continuing education, corporate training, and career opportunities. Career Matters-Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians This site outlines the job description, required education, specific duties, and possible career opportunities for mechanical engineering technologists and technicians. It also provides a link that lists recommended high school courses for students to prepare for these careers.
p. 157 Refuelling a CANDU Reactor The horizontal arrangement of the fuel bundles in a CANDU reactor allows the bundles to be replaced without shutting down the reactor to refuel. Most other reactor designs require a shutdown of about one week for refuelling, which disrupts the supply of electricity. A shutdown may also affect the local ecology in lakes or rivers: If the cooling water is taken from a river or lake, it is returned there, at a warmer temperature. Species that have adapted over the years to these warmer waters are suddenly faced with cooler temperatures, which they may not tolerate. Other species were likely displaced by warmer water when the reactor was first built. These CANDU fuel management course notes provide comprehensive information about CANDU reactivity devices, fuel bundles, detector systems, and special shutdown systems. Note: This is a .pdf file. Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR), CANDU Find out why CANDU uses horizontal fuel bundles and the procedure involved in refuelling the reactors and cooling the fuel.
Career Connection p. 158 Mechanical engineering technologists can branch into CAD (computer-assisted design) and find employment as draftspersons. Humber College of Technology and Advanced Learning This Humber College site allows you to search for specific programs, such as mechanical engineering technology diploma and certificate programs, discusses opportunities in computer-assisted design, and lists admission and registration requirements. Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology This Seneca College site provides information for students, businesses, and the community; as well as information about Seneca programs and career searches. This Sheridan College site allows you to search for information on programs in mechanical engineering technology, other full time programs, continuing education, corporate training, and career opportunities.
Did You Know? p. 158 World's First Nuclear Reactor Two billion years ago, nature produced the first nuclear fission reactor. In what is now called the Oklo mine in the Gabon Republic, on the west coast of Africa, the conditions were right for a natural nuclear reaction. The balance of uranium, water, and water temperature was just right, and a quantity of energy was released that equalled the energy produced from a current reactor for four years. The event was detected because the waste products associated with a nuclear reaction were still stored in the rocks. This site provides information about the nuclear phenomenon in Oklo, and also lists links to other helpful Web resources. Nuclear Reactors Existed on Earth Two Billion Years Ago This article describes the natural nuclear reactors found in Gabon, Africa, and provides links to other sites dealing with this phenomenon.
Practice Questions p. 158 4. An area known as the "oil sands" in northern Alberta has vast amounts of oil mixed with sand. Research this fossil fuel resource. List advantages and disadvantages of extracting this electrical energy. Canada is Unlocking Petroleum from Sand This New York Times article describes Canada's production of oil sands and the benefits and disadvantages of using this method to produce oil. This page provides information about the oil sands of northern Alberta, and the key issues and initiatives associated with taxation, climate change and the environment.
Try This Activity p. 160 Designing Working Models that Use Renewable Resources There are many resources that explain how to build a working model of a device that uses a renewable energy resource. Find a set of instructions that involve one of the renewable energy resources described in this section. Choose a model, and discuss how you could incorporate the model into the Unit 2 Performance Task. Before building the model, discuss your plans with your teacher. Biomass Energy-Build Your Own Biogas Generator This site provides information about biogas, how it is used as a form of renewable energy, safety precautions, and a detailed construction plan for building a biogas generator. Wind Energy-Build Your Own Savonius Wind Turbines This site provides a detailed construction plan for building a Savonius wind turbine, and explains how this can be used to produce electricity. Solar Energy-Building a Solar Oven: Cooking with the Sun This site provides information about solar energy, how it is a form of renewable energy, safety precautions, and a detailed construction plan for building a solar oven.
Did You Know?p. 160 Gasohol Many new energy ideas depend on forms of biomass other than wood. One proposal is to burn trash to produce heat. Another is to capture the gas emitted from decaying matter in garbage dumps. A third is the fermentation of sugar molecules in grain by bacteria to produce methane and ethanol (grain alcohol). A mixture of one part alcohol in nine parts gasoline can be used to run automobile engines. This mixture, called gasohol, is used in various parts of Canada. It is widely used in Brazil, where fermented sugar cane, not grain, is the source of alcohol. This page provides a brief description of gasohol as well as its advantages and disadvantages as an energy source. Ram Naik Launches Gasohol in India Find out how gasohol is being used by major regions in India, and the effects of this fuel on the nation's economy and petroleum industry. This University of Alaska Fairbanks article introduces the use of gasohol to produce energy, and discusses the limitations of this energy source. Did You Know?p. 163 The Ground as a Source of Heat The principle of the operation of a heat pump (air-to-air heat extraction) can be applied to a system in which the outside source of heat is the ground, rather than the air. A closed-loop piping system is buried underground, where the temperature is relatively constant. This type of system requires less energy to operate than a heat pump that uses the atmosphere. Therefore it is more efficient. This page explains how an Earth Energy System works, describes the system parts, and discusses the energy efficiency, sizing and design considerations during installation. How It Works: Closed-Loop Systems This site provides information about the anatomy of a geothermal heat pump, types of closed-loop systems, and how these systems work. This page provides information about the benefits of geothermal heat pumps and how they work. It also answers some important questions about closed-loop systems.
Did you Know? p. 164 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration Like a heat pump, a refrigerator uses a refrigerant. Disposing of old refrigerants poses a number of environmental concerns, so scientists try to produce better refrigerants or replace them with a different technology. One new energy-transformation technology that does not use a refrigerant is called a thermoacoustic refrigerator. This refrigerator is driven by a high-powered loudspeaker that sends sound waves vibrating back and forth through gases in a resonating tube. The vibrating gases carry heat away from food in the refrigerator to a radiator that emits radiant energy to the air outside the refrigerator. Simple Sound Can Be Really Cool This article provides information about thermoacoustic refrigeration research, how these refrigerators work, and the advantages of these devices over conventional ones. This BBC News article explains how sound is used to chill food. It also provides links to relevant articles and Web sites.
Section Questionsp. 165 8. A major international project called Iter aims to develop nuclear fusion as a clean and plentiful resource for the production of electrical energy. Research this project on the Internet, paying special attention to Canada's contribution, and prepare a summary that addresses the following questions: (a) What countries are involved in the project? (b) What are the scientific contributions Canadians have made and intend to make to the project? (c) Iter's design choice for its fusion power plant is called tokomak . Describe the basic operation of this design. (If possible, test the operation of the tokomak on the Internet to see what happens when you change the variables involved.) This site provides comprehensive information about fusion energy, the history of fusion research and development, and Canada's contribution to the Iter project. This site also allows you to view the Iter Canada video and to design your own plasma using a fusion calculator.
9. Stuart Energy is a world-leading energy company based in Mississauga, Ontario. One of the company's main products is a hydrogen fuel cell system that takes advantage of renewable energy sources or electrical energy during low-cost periods to produce hydrogen. The system is illustrated in Figure 12 . (a) Starting with solar energy, write the energy-transformation equation for this system that results in electrical energy consumed in a home. (b) Repeat (a) starting with wind energy, and use an internal combustion engine as the output. (c) Explain how the Stuart Energy system overcomes the problem of an inconsistent supply of input energy from renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy.
This site provides up to date information about hydrogen technology research and how Stuart Energy is meeting the world's demand for hydrogen as a safe and sustainable source of energy. This site provides information about wind energy, and Vision Quest's efforts in developing clean, high quality, renewable energy resources.
CHAPTER 4: POWER AND EFFICIENCY
p. 175 Horsepower The "horsepower" (symbol hp) is a unit of power in the imperial system of measurement. It is equal to 746 W, which is the power output of an average working horse. The unit was first used by James Watt when he compared his steam engines to the rate at which a horse could pull coal out of a mine. This site provides the definition of horsepower and its various types, including hp, ch, bhp, PS, CV, and RAC horsepower. This site outlines the definition of horsepower, how it works, and how it is measured. It also provides information about horsepower in high-performance cars.
Practice Questions p. 176 6. Research the life and scientific contributions of James Watt. Give a reason why the unit for power is named in his honour. Learn about James Watt by reading this electronic biography based on a book written by Andrew Carnegie. This page contains a picture of James Watt and a brief description of this famous scientist and his contributions.
p. 180 Energy-Efficient Shoes Imagine a shoe that generates electrical energy through the act of walking. Such a shoe, designed by the British firm The Electric Shoe Company, generated enough energy after a 120-km trek across an African desert to operate a mobile phone. BBC News Online: Boots of the Future This article introduces the electric shoes, and the commercial and military uses of this footwear. The Electric Shoe Company Ltd. 'Personal Power' Harnessed This article describes the technology developed by the Electric Shoe Company, and the tests performed on the electric shoes.
Career Connection p. 182 An efficiency administrator with the federal government designs energy programs and workshops to promote energy-efficient fuels, strategies, and driving techniques to save companies with large fleets of vehicles energy and, therefore, money. This site explains how FleetSmart helps fleet owners, managers and owner-operators reduce fuel costs and vehicle emissions, and promotes economically and environmentally sensible strategies and actions.
Did You Know?p. 183 High-Performance Engines High-performance engines use superchargers to admit more air into the engine. A supercharger is a compressor-it compresses the air before it enters the cylinder. Some superchargers are mechanical, but others are powered by the exhaust gases. The latter type is known as a turbocharger. This page provides an introduction to how car engines work, parts of an engine, engine subsystems, and how to help an engine produce more power. Supercharger versus Turbocharger This fact sheet explains the difference between superchargers and turbochargers, in terms of engine response, efficiency, noise and durability, driveability, and exhaust emissions.
Exhaust Gases When gasoline and other hydrocarbons burn in a car's engine, they produce waste or exhaust gases. The main exhaust gases are the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water vapour. Other gases produced in smaller quantities include toxic carbon monoxide and the nitrous oxides that contribute to acid rain. Heat engines with low efficiencies tend to produce the greatest amount of pollution. Car Exhaust-Health Effects This site describes the process of gasoline and diesel fuel combustion, and the harmful exhaust produced by engine combustion. This article provides information about gases produced by automobiles, and how these exhausts can be controlled. Did You Know? p. 185 Glow Plugs Diesel engines can be hard to start because there are no spark plugs to ignite the fuel. Cold weather makes the problem worse. To overcome this problem, many diesel engines have a glow plug in each cylinder. Before the engine is started, electric current from the battery heats the plugs. This in turn heats the air-fuel mixture, making ignition easier. This page describes the diesel cycle, and discusses the main differences between the gasoline engine and the diesel engine. You can also learn about fuel injectors, knocking, and glow plugs. This page describes how glow plugs work in diesel engines and provides a picture. This page explains the role of a glow plug in a diesel engine and how it works without a battery.
Did You Know?p. 187 Early Engines and Cars The gasoline engine was invented in Germany in 1883, and the first automobile was designed and built by Karl Benz in 1885. The diesel engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer, in 1897. The carburetor, whose function is to supply the air and fuel to the engine, was invented about one year later, also in Germany.
This page provides information about the history of cars, timelines, famous automobile makers, and different models of cars. This article describes the internal combustion engine and early gas-powered cars. It also discusses the contributions of Otto, Benz, and Daimler.
Section Questions
p. 188 10. A "kinetic watch" is not battery-operated, and it does not need to be wound. (a) What source of energy does it use? (b) Is this method of energy transformation good or bad for the environment? Explain your answer. Learn about kinetic watches, the benefits, how they work, how accurate they are, and the environmental implications of using battery-less watches. How Seiko Kinetic Watches Work This page describes how the Seiko kinetic watch works, and provides pictures of the different parts of the watch.
11. Ontario has a Drive Clean program. Research this program, and describe its advantages. What is Ontario's Drive Clean Program? This Ministry of the Environment page describes the Ontario Drive Clean program, its requirements, and the emissions test required by owners of vehicles. This page also provides a link to Ontario's Drive Clean home page.
p. 192 A career of increasing importance is an energy auditor. Energy auditors implement strategies to ensure the efficiency of a building-commercial and residential-in many areas, for example, energy, waste management, and air and water quality.
Building Environmental Systems This page describes the Seneca College's Building Systems Engineering Technology program, the benefits of the program, and the opportunities in commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential industries. This page provides information on the training and partnerships of the Energy Training Office (ETO). The ETO has built partnerships with United Nations Institute for Training and Research, the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Canada, and Building Owners and Managers International.
p. 194 Did You Know?Low-Power Standby Australia and New Zealand are among the countries that have set a goal of a maximum standby power for all new appliances or electronic equipment of 1.0 W. Some countries have set a goal of a maximum of 0.5 W. Standby Power Use: How Big Is the Problem? What Policies and Technical Solutions Can Address It? This paper defines standby consumption, presents the figures on international standby consumption, describes trends, and describes policies to reduce standby power usage.
New Green Chip Saves Even More Power in TVs and VCRs This Philips site describes a Green Chip that provides low-power standby benefits, and efficiency improvement during operating mode.
Practice Questionsp. 197 7. Research the Kyoto Accord, and answer the following questions: (a) What is the Kyoto Accord, and when did Canada sign it? (b) How did the Accord alter energy policy in Canada? (c) Has it stimulated "new energy" technologies? (d) Are we meeting our goals? (e) Have other countries followed through with their goals? English Conference of the Parties Third Session Kyoto This page provides a detailed report of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.
The Convention and Kyoto Protocol This page describes the status of signatories of the Kyoto Accord, and the ratification of the convention on climate change. This site provides the full text of the Kyoto Protocol and a link to the most up-to-date information on signatories and ratification to the Kyoto Protocol.
Russia to Ratify Kyoto Protocol This article describes Russia's current position in the Kyoto Accord. Learn about the countries involved in the original agreement.
p. 205 20. Gasohol is a mixture of gasoline and ethanol (pure grain alcohol) that can be used to operate vehicles. Research the use of gasohol in Canada. (a) How is ethanol obtained from corn, wheat, or other crops? (b) How does the ethanol you described in (a) compare with the ethanol obtained from cellulose in agricultural wastes, such as straw? (c) Which method is more environmentally friendly? Explain your answer.
This page provides a brief description of gasohol as well as its advantages and disadvantages as an energy source.
This page describes biofuels, including bioethanol and biodiesel, their benefits and limitations, and how agricultural and forestry wastes are used to generate fuels.
This University of Alaska Fairbanks article introduces the use of gasohol to produce energy and discusses the limitations of this energy source. Ram Naik Launches Gasohol in India Find out how gasohol is being used by major regions in India, and the effects of this fuel on the nation's economy and petroleum industry.
Unit 2 Performance Taskp. 207 These are just a few ways in which an energy-transformation technology can be combined with wise use of energy. In other words, your design should help improve efficiency. When working on your task, you can use your design for the Try This Activity in section 3.5, page 147, or the one in section 3.6, page 151, to provide a good start. Many ideas are also available in books and magazines, and on the Internet. This Ontario Power Generation (OPG) site lists the opportunities available to students, new graduates and experience workers. Also included are environmental and community initiatives taken by the OPG. North American Young Generation in Nuclear This North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NA-YGN) home page describes the group's mission to unite young professionals who believe in nuclear science and technology. This site describes the European Nuclear Society, the largest nuclear society for science and industry. Also provided are links to transcripts from International meetings and advances in nuclear fuel management.
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