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Nelson EducationSchoolBiology 11 College Preparation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Student Web LinksUNIT 3: ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
p. 163 TRY THIS activity Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating (a) What recommendations does the food guide give? Why do you think it is recommended that you eat large amounts of some foods and smaller amounts of others? (b) According to the guide, which foods should be eaten in larger quantities? Which foods should be eaten in smaller quantities? (c) Write down everything you might eat on a typical day. Score yourself using the Healthy Eating Scorecard. (d) Research the typical daily diet of a person from a country outside of North America. Compare it with your diet. Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating provides suggestions on the different food groups, as well as how much and how often foods of different groups should be consumed.
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8. Research one of the four technologies introduced in this lesson. Describe the process, include a brief history of the technology, and give three specific uses in monitoring organs. History of Medical Diagnosis and Diagnostic Imaging This page describes the history of medical diagnostics, with emphasis on diagnostic imaging, including ultrasound scanning, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR). This page from About.com outlines the discovery of the X-Ray, and the key scientists involved in the research leading to this discovery. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Raymond Damadian Learn about magnetic resonance imaging, how it works, its history, and its inventor. The American Heart Association provides brief information on some recently developed imaging processes, including cardiac computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies.
Tech Connect 3.2 Questions p. 167 5. The surgeon operating the endoscope requires a large support team (e.g., equipment technician, medical record keepers). Describe a career possibility in the medical technology field that might suit your skills and interests. Explain your choice. This page provides a description of the main duties, example titles, working conditions, education and training requirements, and employment prospects associated with medical technical occupations.
6. Choose any procedure that can be performed by endoscopic surgery. Using the Internet and other resources, describe the medical problem and the solution provided by this technology. Choose from a variety of Web pages describing the different examples of endoscopic surgeries, and when these procedures are used. Minimal Incision Surgery: Facial Surgery This site explains minimal-incision facial surgery, the types of procedures that are possible, and the benefits of endoscopic surgery over conventional surgery.
Find out how endoscopic surgery can help treat various spine problems. This MEDLINE Plus page describes how laparoscopy, an example of an endoscopic procedure, can be used as a diagnosis tool.
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12. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common brain disorders in children. Conduct library and/or Internet research to answer the following questions: (a) What are some of the symptoms of ADHD? (b) What are some of the misconceptions about ADHD? (c) What do researchers think might be the causes of ADHD? (d) What are some of the current treatments for ADHD? (e) Describe some societal views about ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder The National Institute of Mental Health's Web site for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder provides information about symptoms, possible causes, and available treatments. Learn about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), its cause and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, as well as possible treatments. This site also includes personal accounts of how it feels to live with ADHD. Brief overview of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD), the academic and social problems faced by children
with ADHD, and the relationship between ADHD and other disorders.
p. 177 13. Conduct library and/or Internet research to answer the following questions about strokes: (a) What is a stroke? (b) What are the main symptoms of a stroke? (c) What are common treatments for a stroke? (d) Describe one example of current research being done on this condition. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada Visit this Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada Web site to find out about the risk factors associated with heart disease and stroke, and about tests, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for patients with heart disease and stroke. The National Stroke Association outlines the common symptoms, treatment, prevention, recovery and rehabilitation related to stroke, and suggests ways to reduce the incidence and impact of this disease.
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7. Methadone is a prescription drug used to treat addiction to heroin. Conduct library and/or Internet research to answer the following questions about methadone treatment: (a) How does methadone treatment work? (b) How is methadone treatment for heroin addiction similar to nicotine replacement therapy in the treatment of nicotine addiction? How is it different? (c) Why can the nicotine patch of nicotine gum be bought in a pharmacy "over the counter" (i.e., without a doctor's prescription), but in methadone therapy, addicts must obtain a doctor's prescription and physically go to the methadone-treatment centre or hospital every day to obtain their dosage of methadone? This National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Web site provides an overview of the latest research on heroin abuse and addiction. It describes the use of heroin, its long-term effects, and treatments for heroin addiction. This site provides latest information on heroin addiction and methadone treatment. This site also includes research and news on heroin and drug addiction, as well as details about other drugs.
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8. (a) Conduct library and/or Internet research, or speak to a pharmacist in a local pharmacy, to identify two common prescription stimulants and two common prescription depressants. (b) Describe a condition for which a doctor would prescribe each drug, and list two serious side effects associated with their use. This guide gives an overview of stimulants and depressants, including examples of such drugs, what they are used to treat, and common side effects associated with them. Quick Reference Guide: Common Exogenous Psychoactive Agents This guide provides detailed information about several depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and narcotics. Narconon of Southern California Find out about the side effects of some common stimulants and depressants.
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9. Marijuana, an illegal drug in most countries, has been getting a lot of attention lately. Several countries around the world are considering changes in their laws that would decriminalize possession and use of marijuana. Write a brief position paper containing your recommendations to a legislature on this issue.
Issue--Decriminalization of Marijuana in Canada This Canada Online article provides a background on marijuana laws in Canada, the two sides of the debate, and links to related resources. Up in Smoke? Canada's Marijuana Law and the Debate Over Decriminalization This CBC News article describes the debate over the use of marijuana, as well as the governmental committees involved in deciding whether or not marijuana should be decriminalized.
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12. What role do environmental factors play in the development of ulcers? Research the causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment of this digestive tract disorder. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia--ulcers Find out about the many types of ulcers and the causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment associated with each type.
p. 190 4. Obesity in children is a growing concern in Canada today. Research this problem. Consider risk factors such as diet and lifestyle. How effective are surgical procedures such as stomach stapling or removal of an intestinal section? Propose ways to reduce the incidence of obesity in the young. Understanding Obesity in Youth This American Heart Association article discusses the incidence of childhood obesity, as well as prevention and treatment of this disease. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia--Obesity The MEDLINEplus medical encyclopedia offers a definition of obesity, common causes, and prevention of this disease. UI Pioneer of Obesity Surgery Publishes Overview Find out about obesity surgery, the weight-reducing surgery techniques, and the latest innovations in weight-loss opportunities in this article from the University of Iowa.
p. 190 4. Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and ulcerative colitis are all inflammatory bowel diseases. How are they similar? How are they different? This American College of Gastroenterology page compares ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease, and explains the difference between these inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome. Ulcerative Colitis terms IBD vs. IBS Learn about the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and the differences between the two conditions.
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Career Connection Fish farming provides excellent career opportunities for college biology graduates. Using the Internet, research programs and job possibilities in this field.
Aquaculture Operators & Managers This site outlines the job description, required education, specific duties, and possible career opportunities for aquaculture operators and managers. It also provides a link that lists specific courses students should take in high school to prepare for this career. Aquaculture Education and Training in Canada Find out which Canadian universities and colleges offer programs in fish farming and marine biology using this site from the Office of the Commissioner for Aquaculture Development. Malaspina University-College: Fisheries & Aquaculture This page lists fisheries and aquaculture programs offered by Malaspina University-College. Canadian Aquaculture Institute: Training & Workshops The Canadian Aquaculture Institute (CAI) develops and delivers training programs and workshops based on the needs of aquaculture and related industries. Listed are a broad range of workshops and courses offered by the CAI.
p. 194 Take a Stand - What is Healthy? Statement: The media should show bodies of different shapes, not just the stereotypical "ideal" figures. • In your group, define the issue. Where is the balance between the medical profession's idea of a healthy body type and the social standards of ideal body types as reflected by the diet food industry and media? • Research the issue. Search for information in newspapers, periodicals, and CD-ROMs, and on the Internet. You might consider these aspects: - the role of genetics in influencing weight; - the prevalence of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia; - factors that you think contribute to society's image of the ideal body; - other weight-reduction options (aside from the diet-food industry) for people whose obesity is dangerous to their health; - other muscle-building options (aside from the food-supplement industry) for those who choose this lifestyle. (a) Identify the perspectives of each of the opposing positions (b) Develop and reflect on your opinion. (c) Brainstorm suggestions for a solution. (d) Write a position paper summarizing your stand. (e) How did your group reach a decision? What would you do differently if you were to do this again? Here is a list of links related to self-esteem, body image, and the relationship between gender, self-esteem, and body image. This is a link to the University of Alberta Health Centre's information page on food, weight, and body image. This page describes healthy weight according to height, the effects of dieting, myths about food, and details on various eating disorders. This is a detailed site about anorexia nervosa, including symptoms, psychological factors, and treatment. Body Positive--Boosting Body Image at Any Weight This page offers information about Body Positive living and includes articles such as "200 Way to Love the Body You Have." It also includes a message board, and Web forums. This e-journal provides a list of editorials on eating disorders and media impact on body image. Useful Resources for Healthy Eating University of Texas Counseling and Mental Health Center offers tips on how to deal with body image and healthy eating. This page also provides several links to national advocacy groups for eating disorders.
p. 202 9. Athletes can take unfair advantage of the benefits of extra red blood cells. In a process called "blood doping," a blood sample is taken two weeks prior to a competition, and the red blood cells are separated and stored. A few days before the event, the red blood cells are injected into the athlete. Why would athletes remove red blood cells only to return them to their body later? Using the Internet and other resources, research the practice of blood doping. Blood Doping: Is It Really Worth It? This article describes blood doping, and outlines the problems, side effects, and latest news and discoveries related to this practice. This article provides information about the recent history of blood doping, the process athletes undergo during doping, and the role of erythropoeitin in this technique. Blood Doping in Sports-Athletes Cheating This article explains how blood doping works, methods used to detect blood doping athletes, and the negative effects of this illicit practice. A brief description of blood doping, the associated dangers, and the two stages involved in the method.
p. 202 9. An individual injured in a car accident was being examined by emergency medical personnel. Since both forearms were injured they could not be used to determine the individual's pulse. Use the Internet and other resources to find other points on the body where the pulse can be measured in such circumstances. This page displays all the sites where pulse can be taken on a patient. It also includes illustrations of these pulse sites. This page provides a simplified diagram and description of where the pulse can be taken on the human body. It also explains how the pulse is related to heartbeat and blood pressure.
p. 207 10. Research to find and describe the components of a heart-healthy lifestyle. Evaluate your own cardiovascular health and identify ways in which it can be improved. Your Health: Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease or Stroke Find out about the risk factors, including lifestyle habits, associated with heart disease and stroke. Cardiovascular Health Risk Factors Learn about the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, such as those related to physiology, behaviour, heredity, and demographics.
p. 207 10. Search the Internet and other resources to explain what the different sections of the electrocardiogram Figure 6 indicate. This page displays a simplified diagram of a typical electrocardiogram, and describes each of its different sections. A Primer on Electrocardiogram (ECG) This page provides an interactive diagram of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Find out about what an ECG is, methods for recording it, and the differences between normal and abnormal ECGs.
p. 209 Synthesis (l) Research to find the normal resting pulse rate and blood pressure for someone for your age. How does your pulse rate compare? What reasons can you suggest for any differences? This page from Walgreens.com displays a chart listing normal blood pressure for children aged 1 to 17 according to age and height. This page displays blood pressure charts and a table indicating blood pressure classification for adults aged 20 and older. Blood pressure is classified under categories from optimal to severe hypertension. Health Calculators-Pulse Rate Charts This site contains pulse rate and heartbeat calculators, and provides the average pulse rate for different ages of the human life cycle, including resting pulse rate and pulse rate during exercise. This site allows you to use the chart provided and your own blood pressure to determine the biological age of your heart. This article explains how blood pressure is affected by exercise, the cardiovascular response following exercise, and the effects of training on blood pressure.
p. 216 Synthesis (i) Select one of the diseases or disorders from Table 1 and research to prepare a report on the symptoms, causes, and treatments. This site describes the causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, tests for, and treatment of Type I diabetes. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases provides this comprehensive site for information on Types 1 and 2 diabetes, their diagnosis, medications, and research associated with diabetes. Learn about basic diabetes information, for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, and tips for healthy living from this American Diabetes Association Web site. This Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy publication about diabetes mellitus describes the two types of diabetes, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. MEDLINEPlus-Kidney Diseases (General) This National Institutes of Health site provides information about kidney diseases, including facts and statistics about various diseases. Also included is information about diagnosis, symptoms, prevention, screening, and clinical trials associated with the diseases.
3.13 Activity p. 216 Career Connection Anyone whose employment requires him or her to test samples and submit reports to medical professionals must be a registered technologist. The certification and registration of technologists are maintained by the Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science (CSMLS). In order to be certified by the CSMLS, candidates must complete a program of training, after which they must successfully pass the certification exam. Research to find out the educational requirements for the medical laboratory technologist program. St. Clair College-Courses, Programs, Registration St. Clair College is offering a new applied degree program in industrial management. This site lists the courses and programs offered by this college. Biological Technologists & Technicians This site outlines the job description, required education, specific duties, and possible career opportunities for biological technicians and technologists. It also provides a link that lists specific courses students should take in high school to prepare for this career.
p. 217 3. The operation of a hemodialysis unit requires special expertise. Research to find the qualifications required to assist patients with dialysis. Georgian College offers a program for dialysis technology. This page provides a description of the program, learning outcomes, and career opportunities. Canadian Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technologists Learn about what nephrology technology is, the scope of practice, and the job description of a nephrology technologist.
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13. Research scuba diving and determine what sorts of courses are necessary to become a certified diver. Explore the career opportunities that may be available for professionally trained divers.
The Ontario Diver site contains information on scuba diving club activities, schedules, Ontario dive sites, and links to other general scuba sites. Your Career as a Diving Professional This page provides information on a career in diving and links to careers in recreational and commercial diving. This page gives a general description of commercial divers, what courses are required, and career opportunities in this field.
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14. When someone is choking, an object is blocking his or her trachea. The Heimlich manoeuvre is often used to clear this obstruction. Research this first-aid action and be prepared to describe it to the class. How to do the Heimlich Maneuver Learn how to perform the Heimlich maneuver for choking, drowning, and asthma. Included are illustrations of the procedure. Find out how the Heimlich procedure differs between conscious and unconscious victims and between a child or an adult. This site has realistic diagrams of the procedures.
p. 229 10. Research your local bylaws to determine what restrictions are placed on smoking in public places. This is an advocacy resource for volunteers and staff working towards a smoke-free Ontario. It outlines all the provincial and municipal regulations related to tobacco smoking in public areas. (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader)
This Bylaw report outlines the effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, the ban on smoking in public places, and how the different municipalities in Canada are dealing with smoking laws. (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader) This article discusses the development of no-smoking bylaws in Simcoe County. It also provides information about tobacco and its related health effects.
p. 239 14. A study by Dr. Marcia Herman-Giddens and her associates in 1997 seems to indicate that American girls are reaching puberty at an earlier age than in the past. Conduct library and/or Internet research to determine the possible causes of this trend. Are American Girls Reaching Puberty Sooner than Their Grandmothers Did? This article reports the findings from a study on early puberty and suggests plausible causes of this trend. Toronto Observer: Why do girls start puberty so early? Find out why girls are developing sexually a lot faster than in the past in this article from Toronto Observer, a journal produced by Centennial College Journalism students. Girls Are Reaching Puberty Early This article outlines the findings of medical research on girls who reach puberty at an early age.
p. 239 15. To lessen the symptoms of menopause, many women are prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT). HRT involves taking estrogen pills. Additional estrogen reduces the typical "hot flashes" experienced by menopausal women, prevents bone loss, and may even improve memory. However, estrogen therapy raises the risk of blood clots and of ovarian and breast cancer. Conduct Internet and/or library research to investigate lifestyle changes that might help menopausal women. Facts About Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy This site from the National Institutes of Health provides advice about postmenopausal hormone therapy, including its benefits and risk factors. Learn about natural alternatives to hormone replacement therapy available to postmenopausal women. Alternatives to hormone replacement therapy There are several alternatives to hormone replacement therapy, and this patient information sheet lists and describes the most effective methods to treat postmenopausal symptoms.
p. 239 14. Viagra is a relatively new drug used to treat impotence. Conduct library and/or Internet research to determine how Viagra works and its potential side effects. This page provides information about Viagra, how it works, how safe it is, and common myths about this drug. This BBC News article explains how Viagra works, who it can help, side effects, and alternative treatments for impotence.
p. 246 TRY THIS activity - Antagonistic Muscles 5. Using Figure 10 (on the previous page), the Internet, and other resources, select another pair of antagonistic muscles in your body and repeat this activity.
This site defines antagonistic muscles and describes how they function. This site provides a brief description of the different types of muscles, including antagonistic muscles.
p. 250 13. Bicycle helmets help protect the skull in cycling accidents. British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have mandatory bicycle-helmet laws for cyclists of all ages. Ontario has bike-helmet legislation for children under the age of 18 years, and Manitoba has bike-helmet legislation for children under the age of 5 years. Many people would like to see all provinces enact laws that require all bicycle riders to wear helmets. Some prominent groups such as the Ontario Coalition for Better Cycling disagree. Research both sides of this issue and prepare a position paper indicating your recommendations to the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto have done research on bicycle helmet legislation and their findings are reported in this article. Read about bicycle helmet laws, including past legislation, and the impact of education and laws on the incidence of cycling related injuries. Bicycle Helmet Promotion Programs-Canada, Australia, and United States This Centers for Disease Control and Prevention article outlines the bicycle helmet promotion programs in Canada, Australia, and the United States.
p. 250 14. Paramedics are health care professionals who specialize in first aid and ambulatory medical care. (a) What are the minimum educational requirements for a Primary Care Paramedic in Ontario? (b) Describe some of the duties of a Primary Care Paramedic. This site describes the skills required by emergency care professionals, such as emergency medical attendants, as well as primary care, advanced care, and critical care paramedics.
Ambulance Attendants & Paramedics This site outlines the job description, required education, specific duties, and possible career opportunities for ambulance attendants and paramedics. It also provides a link that lists specific courses students should take in high school to prepare for this career.
p. 251 Career Connection A prosthetist designs and constructs prosthetic devices or artificial limbs. Research to find out the education requirements for a prosthetist. Find out about the occupational description, employment characteristics, educational programs, and salaries associated with a career in orthotics and prosthetics. Medical Technologists & Technicians This site outlines the job description, required education, specific duties, and possible career opportunities for medical technologists, including prosthetists. It also provides a link that lists specific courses students should take in high school to prepare for this career.
p. 265 44. Bulimia has both similarities to and differences from anorexia nervosa. Research the cause, symptoms, and treatment of this digestive disorder, and compare it with anorexia nervosa. National Eating Disorders Screening Program This fact sheet on eating disorders, from the National Eating Disorders Screening Program, describes types of disorders, their signs and symptoms, physical effects, and treatment.
This Office on Women's Health information sheet outlines the different types of eating disorders, and the differences between anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and other eating disorders.
This fact sheet describes the causes, physical and psychological effects, and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, as well as the support services available to individuals with eating disorders. These fact sheets from New York Online Access to Health provide information about the symptoms, causes, effects, and treatment associated with the two most common eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
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46. Research the progress being made in the area of heart or kidney transplants. Prepare a report that includes how donors and recipients are selected, the kind of preparation that is necessary, how the operation is performed, the postoperative care required, and how organ rejection is controlled. The London Health Sciences Centre provides this comprehensive site discussing organ transplantation in Canada, organ sharing and retrieval, and anti-rejection drugs. Also discussed are legal and ethical issues that arise with organ donation and patient selection.
This Donor Foundation article describes the history of organ transplantation, different types of transplants, transplant rejection, and related ethical issues. Transplantlife.com provides information about liver and kidney transplantation, issues involved in organ donation and receipt, waiting list status, and pre- and post- operative procedures.
This site provides a list of articles dealing with organ transplants and how patients are assessed for receiving or donating organs.
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47. One of the major functions of skin is excretion. Perspiration or sweat is mainly water, but it also contains inorganic and organic substances. Research the substances that are excreted in sweat. Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Sweat Learn about what is in sweat, how much we sweat, and what constitutes abnormal sweating.
Find out how sweat is made and about excessive sweating in this page from Howstuffworks.com.
52. Registered massage therapists are "drugless practitioners" who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system. (a) Why are these health care workers called drugless practitioners? (b) Conduct library and/or Internet research to obtain career information about registered massage therapy. Include information regarding professional duties and educational licensing requirements. The College of Massage Therapists of Ontario Use this College of Massage Therapists of Ontario Web site to find out how to become a massage therapist, how to apply to a program in or outside of Ontario, and what registrations and exams are required to become certified. The American Massage Therapy Association This Web site from the American Massage Therapy Association provides information about what massage therapists do and how to enter this profession. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals-Career Information This site offers career information for bodywork and massage professionals, such as career options, available training programs, advice on choosing the right program, and state board requirements . Find out what constitutes a drugless practitioner and what is included in the Drugless Practitioners Act.
53. Bone marrow transplants are used to treat leukemia, a form of cancer affecting blood cells. Conduct library and/or Internet research to answer the following questions about bone marrow transplants: (a) From which bones of the body is bone marrow usually taken for the transplant? (b) How is bone marrow obtained, and what effect, if any, does the removal of bone marrow have on the donor? (c) How successful are bone marrow transplants in treating leukemia? InfoNet-Bone Marrow Transplant This page from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Information Network provides information and emotional support to transplant patients, survivors, and families. Oncolink-Bone Marrow Transplants-A Book of Basics for Patients This comprehensive online book gives information about the basics about bone marrow transplants, along with important information about blood cells, infections, and other complications associated with bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant Resources This page lists several links to bone marrow transplant frequently asked questions and information pages.
54. Conduct Internet and/or library research to discover the latest advances in prosthesis research aimed at increasing the sensory input of a replacement limb. Big Advancements for Little People Read about the technological advancements in paediatric prosthetics in this article from In Scope. (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader) Advancements in Orthopedic Hip Replacement Design This Digest of Medical Engineering News article describes the unique designs and advancements in hip replacement prosthetics.
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