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Web Activities
UNIT 5 - MATTER-ENERGY INTERFACE
Chapter 12 - Waves, Photons, and Matter
12.1 Foundations of Quantum Theory
12.2 Wave-Matter Duality
12.3 Rutherford's Model of the Atom
12.4 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectra
Chapter 12 Review (p. 663)
Chapter 12 - Waves, Photons, and Matter
12.1 Foundations of Quantum Theory
Practice (p. 605)
- The photoelectric effect has many applications. Choose one, either
from this text or form a search of the Internet or other media. Prepare
a research paper, using the following as a guide:
- Explain in detail, with the help of labelled diagrams, how
your chosen device detects light using the photoelectric effect.
- Explain how your device uses information from the photoelectric
detector.
- Identify at least three other devices that operate in a similar
manner.
How
Stuff Works
This site introduces the idea of the photoelectric effect with a
good description of photons.
Photoelectric
Effect
A simulation of the photoelectric effect experiment.
Photvoltaics
A site dedicated to solar cells with an excellent example of the
photoelectric effect.
Section 12.1 Questions (p. 609)
- Research the Internet to learn how astronomers use photodetectors
on NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to produce galactic images such as
the one at the beginning of Chapter 9.
The
Hubble Project
This is the site posted by NASA about the space telescope. Search
around as the site has lots of technical information about how the
telescope works.
How
Stuff Works
This details the ins and outs of how the telescope works. An interesting
page to look at is the one that discusses the telescope's limitations.
Hubble
Space Telescope
A great site that includes technical information on instruments
on the telescope.
- Ultraviolet light can kill skin cells, as it does when you are
sunburned. Infrared light, also from the Sun, only warms skin cells.
Explain this difference in behaviour using the photon theory.
How
Stuff Works
This site has a good discussion of light with a detailed description
of photons.
12.2 Wave-Matter Duality
Section 12.2 Questions (p. 620)
- Research the use of tunnelling electron microscopes to determine
the electron distribution in atoms. Write a short report on your findings.
Scanning
Tunnelling Microscopy
This site is posted by the research group at IBM. There are lots
of great images at this site with a bit of an animation.
Scanning
Tunneling Microscope
This site describes the history of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
It gives a bit of a biography on each of the inventors and the steps
that led up to its discovery.
- Research electron microscopes and find out what precautions are
necessary to protect the sample from damage.
Introduction
to coralline algae
Although this site focuses on one type of organism, it has a whole
section (under methods) that looks at sample preparation for the
different types of electron microscope.
Gatan,
Inc: Specimen Preparation
This company professionally prepares specimens for electron microscopy.
Look under the heading that says specimen preparation.
- In Sections 12.1 and 12.2 you read about two significant accomplishments
by Canadian scientists: Willard Boyle and the CCD, and James Hillier
and the first commercial electron microscope. Choose one of these
Canadian scientists (or another of your choosing who has contributed
to modern physics), and prepare a summary that includes biographical
information, the technology, background to the development of the
technology, the physics behind it, and how it contributed to the respective
field(s) of science and to society. Your summary can be in the form
of a research paper, a Web site, or a pamphlet designed to sell the
technology.
science.ca
Profile
Search this site for information on Canadian scientists. Search
for the profiles on Hillier and Boyle, or any other scientist that
you want to investigate.
VERY
EARLY MICROSCOPY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
A site posted by the department of physics at the University of
Toronto describing the invention of the electron microscope in their
department.
Bell
Labs Historical Contributions to Laser Technology
This site describes the historical events surrounding the laser
and the scientists involved each step of the way.
Inventors
of Charge-Coupled Device
This site describes the discovery of electronic memory that is charged
by light. Canadian inventors Smith and Boyle are described here.
12.3 Rutherford's Model of the Atom
Learning Tip (p. 623)
There is software available that can simulate a-particle scattering.
Crude
Rutherford Scattering Applet
A personal site at Florida State University. You have control over incoming
energy and a choice between a uniform and a random bearm.
Applets
A whole host of applets posted at the University of Virginia. A section
of this page gives scattering from a Thomson atom and a Nuclear atom.
Newbyte
Educational Software Radioctivity - Alpha Particle Scattering
Prices range from $49 for a single user to $249 for a full class licence.
Section 12.3 Questions (p. 625)
- Rutherford was recognized early in his career for his outstanding
skills as an experimentalist and for his ability to inspire and stimulate
those around him. Two examples are his relationships with Frederick
Soddy while at McGill University and with Hans Geiger while at the
University of Manchester. Research Rutherford's life on the Internet
or using other sources, and report on how these personal skills enables
Rutherford and his colleagues to accomplish so much.
Nobel
Prize: Chemistry 1908
This site describes the Nobel Prize as awarded to Rutherford. The
site includes lots of information, specifically Rutherford's biography
and his Nobel lecture.
Ernest
Rutherford - Scientist Supreme
A website dedicated to Rutherford, his life, and his experiments.
It even includes a section on Rutherford mythology.
12.4 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectra
Section 12.4 Questions (p. 638)
- The emission line spectrum for hydrogen from a distant star is
shifted toward the red end of the visible spectrum. What conclusion
can be drawn about the star?
Doppler
Shift
A single page on Doppler shifting with a good discussion of the
use of the Doppler shift in Astronomy.
Doppler
Shift
This site, from the University of California and Los Angeles discusses
red and blue shifting. It has good spectral examples with equations
used to calculate distant speeds.
- In addition to the gas lasers, there are many other types: solid-state,
excimer, dye, and semiconductor. One of the most powerful lasers used
to cut metal and other dense surfaces is the carbon dioxide (CO2)
gas laser. Research the Internet and other sources, and find out how
the CO2 gas laser works and how it has been applied. Present your
findings in a creative way.
How
Stuff Works - "How Lasers Work"
This page is devoted to how lasers work and it describes many of
their applications. It gives information on different types of lasers
and laser classifications.
Spectra-Physics
Products & Services
This site lists laser applications to help customers find the right
product for their needs. You can also perform a search by keyword.
Chemical
Lasers
This site describes a bit of the history of lasers and gives an
in depth discussion of different kinds of chemical lasers.
- A missile shield for North America that uses lasers to knock
out incoming missiles has been researched and tested since the 1980s.
Research this technology and answer the following questions:
- How would the shield work? In particular, what types of lasers
have been proposed?
- What are some of the major technical challenges?
- Why do some consider that the production of these devices
could provoke the proliferation of missiles?
Set
Lasers on Stun
This article describes the use of the missile defence shield and
the conditions under which it must work.
BBC
News | SCI/TECH | 'Star Wars' makes a comeback
This article examines the missile defence initiative from a political
point of view. It describes the different countries involved and
technical problems encountered in the past.
Chemical
Lasers
An analysis of the type of lasers used in the missile shield. In
the section "Why Study HF Chemical Lasers?" there is a discussion
of the initiative and their physical set-up.
Chapter 12 Review (p. 663)
- One of the most important applications of the photoelectric effect
is the solar cell. Research the Internet and other sources and answer
the following questions:
- How do solar cells use the photoelectric effect?
- Comment on their efficiency, identifying measures taken to
enhance it.
- List the significant advantages and disadvantages of solar
cells in comparison with the other forms of electrical generation.
- Describe three applications of the solar cell on Earth and
two in space.
- Suggest how solar cells may be used in the future.
How
Stuff Works "How Solar Cells Work"
Good overview of the technology and scientific theory behind the
solar cell.
National
Center for Photovoltaics - An Informational Resource for PV
A very good source for information on solar cells. The virtual library,
in particular, is an excellent resource for information from "how
solar cells work" to information on the "Department of Energy's
Photovoltaics Program."
National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Home Page
This site bills itself as "The U.S. Department of Energy's premier
laboratory for renewable energy research & development and a
lead lab for energy efficiency R&D". There is a tremendous
amount of information here on solar cells and other renewable energy
sources.
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