Chapter Nine
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Question 1 Durkeim argued that as _______________ decreased, crime and deviance would increase. legitimate opportunity social cohesion relative deprivation stable communities class mixing Question 2 For ________, strain arose from the gap between goals and means, or aspirations and expectations. Durkheim Sutherland Lombroso Merton Hirschi Question 3 Merton shifted Durkheim's concept of anomie from one of generalized normlessness to one of: relative deprivation reaction formation illegitimate opportunity social control anomie Question 4 In order to understand strain theories, it is important to distinguish between cultural factors and structural factors. A cultural factor would be: blocked opportunity inequality racial discrimination an emphasis on the pursuit of wealth all of the above Question 5 The important contribution made by S. Kobrin was drawing the attention of criminologists to the idea that: opportunity to achieve goals may be blocked society is unfair Merton's theory could be applied to corporate crime opportunities to break the law are differently distributed, as are legitimate opportunities none of the above Question 6 In which type of community might a criminologist expect to find the most violent crime? stable slum transitory slum suburbia city core lower-class community Question 7 Cloward and Ohlin go beyond Merton and Kobrin by realizing that: there are different types of illegitimate opportunities there are different types of legitimate opportunities There are different ways of adapting to strain the middle-class measuring rod works against many lower-class students a and c Question 8 Drug use is most likely to be found in: a criminal subculture a conflict subculture a transitional subculture a retreatist subculture a traditional subculture Question 9 Criminal capital refers to: knowledge about how to succeed at your job knowledge about how to sell stolen goods or how to use burglary tools language skills skills required to do well in school none of the above Question 10 Albert Cohen adds a dynamic or interactive element to strain theory when he introduces the concept(s) of: middle-class measuring rod illegitimate opportunity structures mutual conversion reaction formation c and d Question 11 The strongest criticism of strain theory is that the theory depends on official statistics of crime and delinquency it assumes commonality of goals it neglects differing illegitimate opportunities it focuses only on the lower class all of the above Question 12 Albert Cohen believed that juvenile crime arose from: too much focus on aspirations a reaction to their failure to meet middle-class standards weak social bonds differential association a difficult family life Question 13 Braithwaite's research supports the notion that: school failure increases the likelihood of delinquency poverty causes crime spatial mixing of economic classes reduces crime deterrence works none of the above Question 14 The War on Poverty, a crime prevention strategy adopted in the United States during the 1960s, was based on: control theory differential theory conflict theory strain theory radical theory Question 15 The concept of mutual conversion suggests that: various people may become delinquent at the same time becoming delinquent is similar to a religious experience young people may influence each other to become delinquent crime skills are shared people in a community share the same values Question 16 A strong criticism of theories that focus on lower-class culture as the source of criminality is: lower-class culture is not really distinct from other cultures it draws attention away from the structural sources of crime it is too ethnocentric it is easy to meet goals held by the lower class all of the above   Back to List of Chapters