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Chapter Nine
Take the following practice test to help you improve your understanding of the concepts discussed in this chapter.

To take the test, simply select the best answer for each question. After you've answered all the questions, click the "Grade the Test!" button to see your results.

Good Luck!

Question 1
Durkeim argued that as _______________ decreased, crime and deviance would increase.
legitimate opportunity
social cohesion
relative deprivation
stable communities
class mixing

Question 2
For ________, strain arose from the gap between goals and means, or aspirations and expectations.
Durkheim
Sutherland
Lombroso
Merton
Hirschi

Question 3
Merton shifted Durkheim's concept of anomie from one of generalized normlessness to one of:
relative deprivation
reaction formation
illegitimate opportunity
social control
anomie

Question 4
In order to understand strain theories, it is important to distinguish between cultural factors and structural factors. A cultural factor would be:
blocked opportunity
inequality
racial discrimination
an emphasis on the pursuit of wealth
all of the above

Question 5
The important contribution made by S. Kobrin was drawing the attention of criminologists to the idea that:
opportunity to achieve goals may be blocked
society is unfair
Merton's theory could be applied to corporate crime
opportunities to break the law are differently distributed, as are legitimate opportunities
none of the above

Question 6
In which type of community might a criminologist expect to find the most violent crime?
stable slum
transitory slum
suburbia
city core
lower-class community

Question 7
Cloward and Ohlin go beyond Merton and Kobrin by realizing that:
there are different types of illegitimate opportunities
there are different types of legitimate opportunities
There are different ways of adapting to strain
the middle-class measuring rod works against many lower-class students
a and c

Question 8
Drug use is most likely to be found in:
a criminal subculture
a conflict subculture
a transitional subculture
a retreatist subculture
a traditional subculture

Question 9
Criminal capital refers to:
knowledge about how to succeed at your job
knowledge about how to sell stolen goods or how to use burglary tools
language skills
skills required to do well in school
none of the above

Question 10
Albert Cohen adds a dynamic or interactive element to strain theory when he introduces the concept(s) of:
middle-class measuring rod
illegitimate opportunity structures
mutual conversion
reaction formation
c and d

Question 11
The strongest criticism of strain theory is that
the theory depends on official statistics of crime and delinquency
it assumes commonality of goals
it neglects differing illegitimate opportunities
it focuses only on the lower class
all of the above

Question 12
Albert Cohen believed that juvenile crime arose from:
too much focus on aspirations
a reaction to their failure to meet middle-class standards
weak social bonds
differential association
a difficult family life

Question 13
Braithwaite's research supports the notion that:
school failure increases the likelihood of delinquency
poverty causes crime
spatial mixing of economic classes reduces crime
deterrence works
none of the above

Question 14
The War on Poverty, a crime prevention strategy adopted in the United States during the 1960s, was based on:
control theory
differential theory
conflict theory
strain theory
radical theory

Question 15
The concept of mutual conversion suggests that:
various people may become delinquent at the same time
becoming delinquent is similar to a religious experience
young people may influence each other to become delinquent
crime skills are shared
people in a community share the same values

Question 16
A strong criticism of theories that focus on lower-class culture as the source of criminality is:
lower-class culture is not really distinct from other cultures
it draws attention away from the structural sources of crime
it is too ethnocentric
it is easy to meet goals held by the lower class
all of the above


 

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