Chapter Four
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Question 1 When criminologists discover two phenomena which vary together they call it: causation variation correlation association c and d Question 2 The two strongest known correlates of crime are: race and culture sex and age age and region personality and attitudes sex and race Question 3 Tepperman (1977) argued that since 1891 the conviction rate for serious offences for young offenders has: gradually decreased progressively increased stayed about the same gone up for a period and then gone down shown no real pattern Question 4 Recent research examining crime over the life course suggests that ____________ decreases the likelihood of criminal behaviour. leaving school getting married getting a job parenthood all of the above Question 5 A powerful explanation for the fact that criminal behaviour peaks at a young age and then declines is: increasingly harsh punishments maturational reform modernization changing family life IQ Question 6 Some self-report studies have shown that: the ratio of males to females among delinquents is higher than found in UCR data the ratio of males to females among delinquents is lower than found in UCR data the ratio of males to females among delinquents is the same as found in UCR data the ratio of males to females is 1 to 1 c and d Question 7 One of the major differences in comparing self-report data to UCR data is: self-report studies tend to overrepresent minor crimes UCR data capture all crimes self-report data capture all crime self-report data tend to underestimate minor crimes none of the above Question 8 In comparing crime on Aboriginal reserves and those in other urban and rural areas it has been found that: no difference in types of crime exists offence rates are higher on reserves offence rates are higher off reserves offences are more violent on reserves b and d Question 9 Criminologists normally focus on ________ in explaining changes in patterns of female criminal behaviour. biological differences between males and females more consistent reporting socially structured differences in gender roles changes in judges' perceptions all of the above Question 10 The "role convergence" hypothesis suggests that: male criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of females female criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of males as social roles of the sexes become more equal differences in their criminal behaviour will diminish there has been an increase in female participation all of the above Question 11 Box and Hale (and others) suggest that the most important factor in understanding changes in female criminal behaviour is that: women have become increasingly emancipated male and female roles are converging there have been changes in the perceptions of the members of the criminal justice system women experienced the deteriorating economic conditions b and c Question 12 Criminologists argue that the convergence hypothesis for explaining women's criminal behaviour should not be accepted because: an increase in property crime is related to traditional female crime women's labour market participation is still restricted women still have the primary responsibility for child care the high proportion of women charged with theft or fraud is consistent with their roles as consumers and low-skilled, low-income parents all of the above Question 13 A cultural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour would include: their lack of certain values held by the dominant society that Aboriginals experience more inequality than the dominant society that sharing rather than private ownership is central to Aboriginal society that Aboriginal peoples have been colonized a and c Question 14 A structural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour would include: lack of certain values held by the dominant group Aboriginals experience more inequality than the dominant society sharing rather than private ownership is central to Aboriginal society Aboriginal peoples have been colonized b and d Question 15 Criminologists typically focus on _______________ to explain the overrepresentation of Aboriginals in prisons. cultural factors alcohol use structural disadvantage explicit discrimination in the criminal justice system all of the above Question 16 Which of the following is true regarding Aboriginal offenders? they are less likely than others to receive a positive parole recommendation they are sentenced more leniently than others they are less likely to engage in plea-bargaining they are not disadvantaged in pre-sentence recommendations all of the above Question 17 Which of the following is true? the higher the population of poor the higher the crime rate inequality has no association with crime rates crime rates are higher where social classes are strongly contrasted crime rates are lower where social classes are strongly contrasted all but b are true Question 18 In interpreting research on class and crime, students and researchers must be cautious because: most of the studies have not used samples that are representative of the population since serious crime is relatively rare it is necessary to use large samples to get even a small number of such events. These samples are seldom drawn. self-report studies and official data rarely refer to the same domain of crime official data are notorious for understating the frequency of certain crimes all of the above Question 19 Which characteristics are correlated with crime? age sex region city size all of the above Question 20 If criminologists discover an association between two variables they properly conclude: one variable must have caused the other that there is no apparent pattern that there is a reason to discover if one variable caused the other the correlation must be in one direction c and d above   Back to List of Chapters