|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Nelson EducationSchool | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web LinksUnit 5 - Organic Chemistry
Unit 6 - Chemical EnergyUnit 7 ElectrochemistryUnit 8 Chemical Equilibrium Focusing on Acid-Base Systems
Unit 5 - Organic ChemistryChapter 9 Hydrocarbons from PetroleumGeneral for U5: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers EarthNet: Geological Milestones p. 10 Case Study Questions 1. Research and report alternative hypotheses to the currently accepted hypothesis for the formation of fossil fuels, such as the organic and the inorganic hypotheses. At the Wikipedia site, use the search term "Thomas Gold" to read about his theory of the origins of petroleum. Geotimes ¾ October 2005 : Feuding Over the Origins of Fossil Fuels This article looks at both sides of the "fossil" origins debate. 321Energy : If Hydrocarbons are Renewable. This editorial article in 321 Energy addresses the possibility that fossil fuels are renewable, so we might not be depleting the supply. 2. In what general regions of Alberta have we found
From this Government of Alberta Web site you can select an energy resource and, from the menu on the left, select maps that show the resource's location. Alberta Department of Energy ¾ Alberta's Oil Sands This Alberta Government document includes a map outlining the locations of the various fossil fuel reserves in Alberta . 3. Research when and where natural gas was discovered in Canada 's Northwest Territories . Centre for Energy: Natural Gas Timeline What happened, when? This timeline lays it all out. A History of Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Northwest Territories This poster is supplied by the Beaufort - Mackenzie Mineral Development Area project. 4. Continue your research on the resolution in the Exploration on page 7. The burning of fossil fuels for heat and transportation should be significantly reduced. Gather statements, pro and con, from a variety of perspectives. Focus on the effects of the discovery and extraction of fossil fuels in Alberta . Natural Gas and the Environment This pro-industry site gives reasons why natural gas is a good option as an energy source. Cycle of Destruction: Energy Exploitation on Sacred Native Lands Promoting an Aboriginal perspective, the author of this article points to reasons not to rely so heavily on fossil fuels. p. 11 Section 9.1 Questions 7. What kinds of jobs are available working on oil and gas drilling rigs? Look at the options and choose an occupation on or around the rigs. Describe the job, its requirements, and the recommended salary. Where would you go to train for this job? The Petroleum Industry Training Service (PITS) and the Canadian Petroleum Safety Council (CPSC) produce a Web site with lots of information on a variety of careers in the oil drilling industry. Select "Search by Title" and look under "D" for "Drilling." p. 14 Did You Know Pipelines Crude oil, synthetic crude, diluted bitumen, natural gas, ethane, and other pipelines crisscross Alberta and Canada . Many farm fields in Alberta have one or more pipeline(s) under the ground. Other commodities such as carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) might be captured in such quantities that they require pipelines rather than being transported by truck or train. Is there a pipeline near your home? Click on the second grey icon for a map showing AltaGas' pipelines. Gas Processing Plants There are in excess of 800 natural gas processing plants in Alberta . These plants remove water, carbon dioxide, and/or poisonous hydrogen sulfide from the gas. The carbon dioxide can be captured to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and injected into older gas and oil wells to improve recovery rates. The hydrogen sulfide is recovered and converted to sulfur to produce, for example, sulfuric acid. Is there a gas plant near you? Click on the second grey icon for a map showing AltaGas' extraction and fractionation plants. p.15 Explore an Issue: Coalbed Methane Coalbed Methane in Montana: Problems and Solutions This 2003 report focusses on changes in land use and water quality as a result of CBM extraction in Montana . The Potential for Coalbed Methane (DBM) Development in Alberta The Alberta Department of Energy has been investigating the possibility of extracting coalbed methane, and released this research paper on the topic in 2001. p. 23 Section 9.2 Questions 10. (a) Use the information in Table 5 to plot a graph showing the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the boiling points of the alkanes. Describe the relationship and propose an explanation for the relationship you discover.(b) Research a use for each of the first 10 alkanes, and suggest why each is appropriate for this use. Table 5 Boiling Points of the First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes
This Wikipedia entry provides a wealth of information. Look in the Contents for uses of alkanes. Structures and Reaction of Hydrocarbons A Scottish high school's Chemistry Department has some useful notes available. 12. Alberta has extensive natural gas fields that supply gas for use by provincial consumers and industries. The Alberta government collects royalties on the production of all fossil fuels, including natural gas. (a) Describe or sketch a map of the distribution of natural gas fields in Alberta . (b) Approximately how much natural gas is produced in one year and how much of it is used within Alberta ? (c) How much royalty has the Alberta government collected recently for natural gas? How does this sum compare with the total royalties the Alberta government collects for non-renewable resources? Oil and Gas Fields, Pipelines, Processing Plants Enlarge this map to see the details. Government of Alberta ¾ Energy Use the search term "about natural gas" to find statistics about the amount of natural gas in Alberta . Use the search term "about royalties" to help answer (c). 14. Lee Wilson is an Aboriginal researcher in physical chemistry. What are his current research interests? Canadian Aboriginal Science and Technology Society Search Lee Wilson at this site. CASTS Conference 2003 Summary Report Read Dr. Wilson's gas hydrates abstract on page 120. Personal communication: Summary of Proposal for Public Release Investigation of Supramolecular Porous Materials Nature is abundant with porous materials, such as, sandstone, plant fibres, graphite, soil matter, and mineral composites. The importance of porous materials is realized when we consider that impurities are removed from water in runoff processes as it passes through a matrix of complex porous molecular architectures within an aquifer system. Chemists have been inspired to mimic Nature by producing materials that contain well-defined pore structures for applications in fuel cell technology to membrane filtration devices. The objectives of the present research are to design a novel series of materials that possess nanoscale size pores by combining properties of polymers with large pore-like molecules, known as supramolecules. A second strategy is to attach supramolecules to porous templates such as silica. A major outcome of this research is the development of a versatile class of useful porous materials that have significant applications in drug delivery, catalysis, sensors, and gas storage devices. Supramolecular porous materials are anticipated to display a high affinity toward organic contaminants, good mechanical stability, low cost for manufacture, and recyclable, as compared to commercially available polymeric materials. A variety of sophisticated instruments will be used to study the molecular interactions between organic molecules and the supramolecular porous materials under a variety of experimental conditions. p. 31 Section 9.3 Questions 11. Ethyne (acetylene) is used in large quantities by industrial processes. Normally, gaseous substances are liquefied under high pressure and stored in steel cylinders in order to provide a reasonably large quantity for use; cylinders of propane are a typical example. Research why it is not advisable to highly compress acetylene, and how solubility is used to store C 2 H 2 (g) in cylinders. Present your findings. Widipedia provides a wealth of data on this valuable compound. Encyclopedia.com also has some useful information. 12. Use a map of Alberta to find where the ethane extraction and ethane cracking plants are located. Which one is closest to where you live? In what ways does the presence of this plant affect you or your community? [N] Oil and Gas Fields, Pipelines, Processing Plants Enlarge this map to see the details. 13. Use the Internet to find the home page of one of the companies involved with ethane production in Alberta . Access their career or human resources page and find information on the education required to work there. [N] This Government Web site has links to many chemical companies in Alberta . Check out Dow's Career page. The Career page lists current job openings. p. 33 Web Activity: Aromatics in Prescription Drugs What percentage of prescription drugs listed on the given Web site have aromatic character? Chemistry, Structures and 3D Molecules Click on each of the compound names to see their structures. p. 35 Section 9.4 Questions 11. Even though the use of benzene as a solvent was banned in Canada several decades ago, people's exposure to benzene has not stopped. A Materials Data Safety Sheet (MSDS) is the source of chemical safety information. List some common sources of benzene exposure and identify some short-term and long-term health effects. [N] Search "benzene" on this site. Wikipedia provides tables of MSDS information. Material Safety Data Sheet: Benzene p. 37 Career Connection Petroleum Engineer Rob Manuel grew up on the Upper Nicola Indian Band Reserve and now works for Shell Oil as a petroleum engineer. He combines his Western scientific world view with his Aboriginal world view to bring a "different way of thinking to the table". Find out about the education petroleum engineers require for the kind of work they do. Click to Search by Title, then look under "P" for "petroleum engineer." Native Access to Engineering Programme If you have high-speed Internet access, download the feature "A Day in the Life of an Engineer." There are several profiles of engineers (none, unfortunately, of petroleum engineers), but they take a few minutes to load. Click on the photo of each person to see his/her day. p. 39 Career Connections The Petroleum Industry The petroleum industry is growing at an unprecedented rate at the beginning of the 21st century. The Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada has been set up to handle the huge demand for employees in the areas of exploration, development, production, service industries, pipeline transmission, gas processing, and mining, extracting and upgrading of heavy oil and bitumen. The Petroleum HR Council addresses many issues faced by the industry. Find out more about the Petroleum HR Council, the seven human resource issues it has identified, and the strategies it has developed to address any one of these issues. If you were interested in working in this field, how might the Petroleum HR Council's work benefit you? Petroleum Human Resources Council of Canada With many links to careers, petroleum companies, and human resource information, this is a useful site. p. 40 Web Activity: Canadian Achievers-Karl Chuang Karl Chuang studied chemical engineering at the University of Alberta in the 1970s. Today, he is a top distillation expert in Canada and one of the best in the world. He has developed distillation technologies that are used in refineries around the world. What are Dr. Chuang's current research interests? Search the University of Alberta Web site for information on Dr. Chuang. p. 42 Practice Questions 16. Cracking and reforming of crude oil are very complex chemical processes. Read about catalytic reforming and then list some of the other kinds of processes involved, such as polymerization. p. 44 Web Activity The Athabasca Oil Sands Industry Fly through the whole process, from the initial mining of the oil sands to the final products, in this video. Use the video to prepare a flowchart to describe the oil sands process. You will need "QuickTime" to view this video. p. 47 Section 9.5 Questions 10. In addition to fractional distillation, solvent extraction is another important physical process in crude oil refining. List three different solvent extractions, including name, purpose, feedstock(s), and product(s). [N] Petroleum Refining Corrosion This industry site provides a wealth of information on solvents used in the refining process. p. 50 Section 9.6 Questions 8. Evidence-based reasoning and scientific concept-based reasoning are goals of science and of science education. There are many examples of claims that gather a following even though they are based on anecdotal evidence and concepts that have not gained acceptance by the scientific community. Use the links provided to start an investigation into claims of spontaneous human combustion. What is your evaluation, based upon the evidence and based upon accepted scientific concepts? Not-So-Spontaneous Human Combustion The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal present a review/critique of the 1995 book, Ablaze! , by Larry E. Arnold. There are several other books published on the topic, including Spontaneous Human Combustion by Jenny Randles and Peter Hough. p. 60 Chapter 9 Review 35. Mining and oil development, due to their extractive nature, inevitably leave an environmental footprint, even before drilling occurs. For example, in its search for oil in the Edmonton area, Anadarko Petroleum has tested seismic lines near the Kehewin Cree people's reserve. Despite the assertion by Anadarko officials that the band will be consulted before drilling, some of the Aboriginal residents say the search itself may ruin traditional hunting grounds. Research this issue or another similar dispute from the perspective of the energy company, a local Aboriginal band, and an environmentalist. On what specific issues do these groups agree and disagree? Government of Alberta ¾ Energy The News Room site contains some frequently asked questions regarding the environmental effects of oil, coal, oil sands, and other resources. 36. Some natural gas is sold without the hydrocarbon components being fractionated.
The encyclopedia section of infoplease shows the Methodology for Writing an Equation, using natural gas as the example. Chemical Composition of Natural Gas Union Gas gives the mole ratios of alkanes in natural gas. p. 61 Chapter 9 Review 40. Quite often in the media, you hear or read stories about "proven oil reserves." The most quoted source of this information is the U.S. Department of Energy. What is meant by the term "proven oil reserves"? Does the Middle East really have most of the oil in the world? What influence do politics and science have in determining oil reserves? Are the media giving a true picture of the world's oil reserves? Investigate these questions and present your findings, with illustrations and graphs, in a short article suitable for publication in a daily newspaper or on a Web page. The U.S. Department of Energy produces Country Analysis Briefs. Their report on Saudi Arabia discusses the "proven" oil reserves. Energy Information Administration The U.S. Energy Information Administration produces a yearly International Energy Outlook. Find the most recent one available.
Chapter 10 Hydrocarbon Derivations, Organic Reactions, and Petrochemicalsp. 64 Career Connection: Chemical Engineer The chemical industry is Canada 's most knowledge-based industry. About 30% of workers in the chemical industry have university degrees. The salaries in the chemical industry are, as expected, among the highest in Canada . Search the Alberta Learning Information Site for "Chemical Engineer." Native Access to Engineering Programme This site features Aboriginal engineers and scientists. Click on "Types of Engineering" at the top of the screen, and select "Chemical Engineering." p. 68 Section 10.1 Questions 2. Create a graph of your choice to communicate the relative quantities of petrochemicals produced in Canada (Table 4). Follow the link below to update the data from Statistics Canada. Table 4 Petrochemical Production in Canada , 2004
Industry Canada-Petrochemicals Production A chart gives the most recent data. 3. Alberta has many industrial chemical plants spread throughout the province. Follow the Web link to Alberta Chemical Operations . (a) Find the chemical plants nearest to your home or school. List their names and (if possible) the chemical formulas for the products they make. (b) Find the use(s) for the chemicals you identified in (a). The Canadian Chemical Producers Association provides information on what is produced, where, throughout Canada . Alberta, Canada ¾ Chemical and Petrochemical The official Web site of Alberta Economic Development promotes all types of industries in the province, including the Chemical industry. p. 71 Web Activity: Reactions of Hydrocarbons with Bromine (Ignore the text on the Chemistry Education Web site; it is not relevant for the Web Activity.) Pentane and 1-pentene are added to bromine dissolved in an inert solvent in the two dishes shown in this movie. Do these two hydrocarbons react in the same way? What is similar and what is different? Suggest a hypothesis to explain your observations. Photochemical Bromination of an Alkane This Web Activity requires Apple QuickTime. You may need to download QuickTime first, with your teacher's permission. Then click on Large QuickTime Movie. It will take a few seconds to download. p. 76 Section 10.2 Questions 3. Research examples of the use of organic chemistry to address health, safety, or environmental problems, and write a report or present one such case study. Examples of topics include leaded and unleaded gasoline, solvents in dry cleaning, aerosol propellants, and pesticides and fertilizers. This pdf file contains a four-page overview of green chemistry. Los Alamos National Lab-Green Chemistry This site introduces green chemistry and outlines some of the successes by the Los Alamos Lab. 4. Why was mustard gas such an effective weapon, both during the First World War and more recently? Research its properties and effects, and defences developed against it. This researcher at Bristol University in England explains the composition and past use of mustard gas, and then goes on to explore the use of mustard gas as a therapeutic agent for cancer patients. The article also provides many links to other articles and websites that relate to mustard gas. Mustard
Gas: Toxicity Frequently Asked Questions Mustard
Gas Exposure and Long-Term Health Effects 5. Why are some organic halides toxic while others are not? And why are some organisms affected more than others? Find out, using the following key words: bioaccumulation; fat soluble; food chain. Report on your findings in a short article for a popular science magazine or Web site. University of Guelph-Bioaccumulation This university site provides a definition of bioaccumulation, an outline of the process, and factors that affect the process. Sample
solution regarding DDT Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation
Studies in Streams Sediment
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Testing 6. Shortly after the connection was made between the "hole" in the ozone layer and the release of chlorofluorocarbons, many manufacturers stopped using CFCs as propellants in aerosol cans.
Aerosols
in the Stratosphere Aerosol
Propellants Aerosol
Propellants Energy and Global Warming Impacts of CFC Alternative Technologies This lengthy paper outlines, with graphs, the impact of replacing CFCs with HFCs in Section 1.5: Major Findings. Doctor's Guide ¾ CFC Alternative Causes Liver Disease This short summary report of a medical case reported in the prestigious journal The Lancet urges a CFC replacement better than HCFCs. 8 . Long-term replacements for CFCs and HCFCs include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which have no chlorine atoms. HFCs are now being used in refrigerators, automobile air conditioners, aerosol cans, and as foaming agents.
Environmental Health Perspectives Read about the "Rock 'n' Roll" refrigerator, which uses a thermoacoustic design to replace traditional refrigerator coolants. Greenfreeze: A Revolution in Domestic Refrigeration This site discusses the use of butane and propane-Greenfreeze technology-in refrigerators. Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada The HRA institute outlines alternatives to HCFSs. p. 84 Career Connection: Chemical Employees According to Statistics Canada, the chemical industry in Alberta employs 8000 full-time people directly. Each job in the chemical industry creates 2.5 additional jobs in the local economy; e.g., engineers, scientists, technologists, and trades and support personnel. Research a chemical career that you might be interested in at the Alberta Learning Information Service (ALIS) Web site. Report on the type and years of education required and the expected salary. Alberta Learning Information Service There are several ways of searching for careers. Try a number of them. p. 86-87 Section 10.3 Questions 8. Alcohols have gained increased popularity as an additive to gasoline, as a fuel for automobiles. "Gasohols" may contain up to 10% methanol and ethanol, and are considered more environmentally friendly than gasoline alone.
Ethanol
General Information Ethanol
Information Global
Climate Benefits of Methanol 9. Considering the technological difficulties and the economic cost of producing ethene, which of the following solutions would you choose? Justify your selection: • burn and/or export the natural gas without removing the ethane • remove the ethane and export it separately in a special pipeline • crack the ethane to ethene and export it by pipeline • use the ethene in Alberta to produce tertiary products, such as plastics This Web site discusses one way ethene is produced and outlines some of its uses. Under "Production" are two methods of producing ethylene (or ethene): steam cracking and catalytic cracking. 10. Radiator antifreeze and coolant is 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol). Ethylene glycol is usually mixed 50:50 with water for use in the radiator. Large quantities of this chemical product are produced near Fort Saskatchewan and Scotford , Alberta . Ethene reacts with oxygen in one reactor to produce ethylene oxide (C 2 H 4 O(g)). The ethylene oxide then reacts with water in a second reactor to produce ethylene glycol.
This is an MSDS fact sheet for ethylene glycol, showing properties and toxicology. This is an MSDS fact sheet for methanol, showing properties and toxicology. Freezing and Boiling Points of Antifreeze In this article on how car cooling systems work there is a table showing the freezing and boiling points of the 50:50 mixture of ethylene glycol and water as well as a 70:30 mixture of ethylene glycol and water. 13 . Research the progress of chemists and chemical engineers on ways to convert cellulose into ethanol. The results could mean a new market for Northern Alberta 's tree resources. Summarize your findings in a brief report. Iogen Corporation ¾ Cellulose Ethanol Iogen Corporation's Web site promotes the benefits of using agricultural biomass into ethanol. Transcript of Q&A with Dr. David Layzell, Founder and Research Director, BIOCAP Canada Foundation. Towards the end of the transcript Dr. Layzell talks about the prospects of this technology. This BioCycle article explains the differences and similarities between conventional ethanol and "cellulosic" ethanol. p. 95-96 Section 10.4 Questions 10. Tannic acid, originally obtained from the wood and bark of certain trees, has for centuries been used to "tan" leather. [O12, 68, 9] (a) Give the chemical formula for tannic acid. (b) What effect does tannic acid have on animal hides? Explain your answer with reference to the chemical reactions that take place. Wikipedia provides a clear definition, describes sources, and links to further information. A chemical supply company has an on-line MDSD for tannic acid. Tannic acid is one of many phytochemicals ¾ chemicals that are derived from plants. Leather
Tanning p. 101 Web Activity: Recycling Plastics Go to the Canadian Plastics Industry Association Web site and gather information to write a procedure for processing recycled plastic. Also collect some pros and cons from multiple perspectives concerning the use of plastics. Canadian Plastics Industry Association Understandably, this industry Web site tends to be on the "pro" side of the use of plastics. The Plastics Recycling Process This teaching package is produced by the Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC) ¾ a council of the Canadian Plastics Industry Association (CPIA). p. 102 Biology Connection: Correlation versus Cause and Effect Many biochemistry studies related to food are correlational studies. These studies look for a correlation (relationship) between two variables (without being able to control all other variables-as a cause-effect study would). For example, scientists found a strong correlation between saturated fats (and transfats) and artery and heart diseases. Chemists responded with creative solutions ( Figure 7 ). [Link to pdfs of pages from Nelson Biology Alberta 20-30 - to come (later!)] In this article a nutrition specialist gives her opinion on the butter versus margarine question. From Discovery Health, this article provides the pros and cons of both butter and margarine. p. 104 Web Activity: Natural Polymers Investigate one natural polymer. Prepare a presentation, including text and graphics, to describe the use or importance of the natural polymer, the type of polymer, and the polymerization reaction. Choose one of rubber, silk, cellulose, starch, or DNA, or find your own example. The Wikipedia online encyclopedia site has entries for all the examples included in the activity. The Rubber Association of Canada This industry association Web site has pages on History, Recycling, and Safety. The Silk Association of Great Britain The various associations can provide helpful information on the importance of the example chosen as well as its history. p. 104 Web Activity: Molecular Modelling Molecular modelling has become more of a computer activity than a physical activity. Check out some of the molecular modelling Web sites. This site uses Jmol modelling software, which requires that Java applets are enabled on your browser. Chemistry, Structures and 3D Molecules Models of scores of compounds are provided on this site. You will need Java on your computer to view and interact with the models. p.107 Explore an Issue: Natural or Artificial Polymers for Diapers? This U.S. pro-environmental site gives what appears to be a balanced viewpoint on the diaper debate, and comes out in favour of cloth diapers. Make your own decision about the validity of their arguments. The Great Disposable Diaper Debate Taking a slightly wider viewpoint, this article quotes some diaper studies, but fails to draw a conclusion. The Ecological Debate: Cloth vs. Disposable Several articles are collected together, providing a range of viewpoints. p. 109 Biology Connection: Glycogen Animals also produce a starch-like substance, called glycogen, that performs an energy storage function. Glycogen is stored in the muscles as a ready source of energy, and also in the liver, where it helps to regulate blood glucose levels. [Link to pdfs of pages from Nelson Biology Alberta 20-30 - to come (later!)] At this site there is an explanation, using data from the 1964 Olympics, of why we have to run slower in order to run longer. At this University of Waterloo site there is information on glycogen metabolism as well as a figure of the structure of glycogen. p.109 Mini Investigation: Starch and Cellulose Use a molecular model kit and/or a computer program to construct molecular models of glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. Scroll down to the Carbohydrates section to select the molecules you want. The Virtual Chembook gives lots of information, as well as line structural diagrams. p. 44 Biology Connection: Glycogen Animals also produce a starch-like substance, called glycogen, that performs an energy storage function. Glycogen is stored in the muscles as a ready source of energy, and also in the liver, where it helps to regulate blood glucose levels. At this site there is an explanation, using data from the 1964 Olympics, of why we have to run slower in order to run longer. At this University of Waterloo site there is information on glycogen metabolism as well as a figure of the structure of glycogen. p. 109 Mini-Investigation: Starch and Cellulose Use a molecular model kit and/or a computer program to construct molecular models of glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. Chemistry, Structures and 3D Molecules Models of scores of compounds are provided on this site. You will need Java on your computer to view and interact with the models. p. 110 Web Activity: Cellulose Acetate This activity illustrates the extent of historical and current work done by polymer chemists to use natural polymers to produce synthetic polymers with desired characteristics and applications.
What are biopolymers, and what problems may they help to solve? This Web site provides some answers, and includes links to related sites. Cellulose acetate was one of the earliest synthetic polymers, and is still widely used today. The Plastics Historical Society has a fascinating Web site, well worth browsing around. The Department of Industry and Resources of Western Australian provides a brief description of various branches of chemistry. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America present an article about the future of the new field of chemical ecology. As the introduction states: "Chemical ecology is the product of a partnership between biologists and natural products chemists united by a shared vision and empowered by complementary skills." p. 112 Section 10.5 Questions 19. Raymond Lemieux, from Lac La Biche AB, was the first chemist to artificially synthesize sucrose (in 1953). Consult the biographical information of Lemieux. Describe his interest in science and one of his other accomplishments (other than the synthesis of sucrose). Both the above sites list the considerable accomplishments of this distinguished Canadian chemist. 20. Natural rubber is made from resin produced by the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis .
This Lakehead University site includes an interesting science section with information on the history of rubber. Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Rubber As the site name suggests, this site includes a lot information, including a brief history of Mesoamerican civilizations of Central America . A
Brief History of Rubber Charles
Goodyear and the Strange Story of Rubber 21. Find the latest research on saturated and unsaturated fats and transfats in processed foods. Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease The famous U.S. Harvard University provides a clear and well-presented explanation of what trans fats are, and what their effects are thought to be. U.S. Food and Drug Administration The well-known USFDA presents a page "to Provide Better Information to Consumers on Trans Fats." Harvard School of Public Health ¾ Interpreting News on Diet The example used on this site is the butter versus margarine question. p. 119-125 Unit 5 Review 44. Methane is produced naturally by a number of sources and becomes part of the hydrocarbon component in the atmosphere of Earth. Human technologies, such as dams, also contribute to atmospheric hydrocarbons. A typical value for atmospheric methane, as measured by an analytical chemist using a gas chromatograph, is 1650 ppb (by volume). [N]
Sources of Atmospheric Methane Several sources of atmospheric methane are listed on this page from NASA. This page details a specific source of atmospheric methane, rice fields, and the dilemma of needing more rice to feed the world population and the subsequent increase in methane emission. 55. The One-Tonne Challenge asks individuals to reduce their GHG emissions by one tonne. If there are 30 million people in Canada , how many tonnes of GHGs per capita are emitted from road transportation? (If possible, find a more accurate number for the Canadian population and/or total carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions.) The Statistics Canada publication has many useful tables, including population statistics based on the 2001 census. A similar publication may become available after the 2006 census. 56. Ethene has many uses, including the ripening of fruit and vegetables. List six examples of fruit and vegetables that you eat, along with ethylene production by the fruit or vegetable, and the ethylene sensitivity of the fruit or vegetable. Scroll down the page (a part of the mindfully.org Web site) to find the sensitivity chart. 57. Describe the process of vacuum distillation in the refining of crude oil. Include the major types of products produced and the three types of high-vacuum units. The Students' Guide to Refining has a page on vacuum distillation. 58. Alberta has an extensive chemical industry that is the second-largest manufacturing industry in the province, producing about ten billion dollars' worth of products annually. List the four main segments of the Alberta chemical industry. Which one is the largest of the four? What is the main basis of this segment? Describe some employment opportunities in the Alberta petrochemical industry. Alberta Canada ¾ Chemical & Petrochemical The official Web site of Alberta Economic Development promotes all types of industries in the province, including the Chemical industry. 59. BP Amoco has a linear alpha olefin (LAO) plant in Joffre AB that is producing 250 kt of LAO annually. What are LAOs ? Write the IUPAC name and draw the displayed formula for a few simple LAOs . Describe some major applications for small, medium, and large LAOs . [N] The Nexant site provides a wealth of details on this branch of chemical technology. This industry Web site has a glossary of terms, with brief descriptions. 60. Research matters. Research is at the heart of all advances and innovations in science and engineering. Search the Internet for information on E10 and E85 ethanol blends, oxydiesel, and/or P-series fuels to gain an understanding of the current research programs involving gasohols. [N] This Canadian site includes several relevant links for research. Natural Resources Canada ¾ Vehicle Fuels Information is provided on just about any alternative fuel you could imagine. Fact Sheet ¾ Low-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends This U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored publication gives lots on information on fuels containing low percentages of enthanol. The "P" stands for pentanes. This informative Web site is also part of the U.S. Department of Energy. 62. Summarize the arguments for private versus public ownership of oil and gas reserves below the ground in Alberta . What is the situation in most countries? In the U.S. ? In Canada ? Describe three ways in which the petroleum and natural gas ownership in Alberta is unique. Privately Held Subsurface Hydrocarbons The Freehold Owners Association produces information for landowners about their rights (or lack of rights) concerning the minerals in and under their land. 63. Treated lumber (for building structures such as decks) contains two organic halides: pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. These organic halides are pesticides that are used as a herbicide (to eliminate plants), an insecticide (to control insects), a fungicide (to preserve wood and seed), and a molluscicide (to control snails). [N]
GreenFacts is based in Brussels , Belgium . This page gives explanations/descriptions with three levels of complexity. Wikipedia provides a definition, a diagram, and links to further information. PCBs and Dioxin May Cause Diabetes An activist organization in Wisconsin presents the case for a possible link between PCBs and dioxins and diabetes. If you go to the home page you will find a link to PCB Chemistry, Sources and Laws. Remember, though, that this is not a refereed source of information. At this site, produced by the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities, there is a link to PCB chemical structure and some brief details. 64. Report on the structures of PCBs and dioxins. Are all molecules in these families of organic halides toxic? Texas A&M Toxicologist Studying Dioxin's Anticancer Effects While he doesn't argue that dioxin is nontoxic, this researcher proposes that certain dioxins may have certain beneficial effects. GreenFacts.org describes two classes of PCBs: toxic and nontoxic.
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| |
